chapter view
sentence 55
I+ lemma: i 'and'
form: conjunction
cato+ lemma: kato 'as'
form: conjunction
go lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
duscmane+ lemma: dušmanin 'enemy'
form: m.pl.nom
te lemma: tъ 'the'
form: m.pl.nom
stighnaha lemma: stigna 'reach'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (pf)
and as the enemies reached him
sas lemma: s 'with'
form: preposition
kalace lemma: kъlъč 'sword'
form: m.pl.nom
Google: tr. kılıç 'sword'
u lemma: u 'at'
form: preposition
rakà, lemma: rъka 'hand'
form: f.sg.nom
with swords in their hands
i lemma: i 'and'
form: conjunction
iskaha lemma: iskam 'want'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
da+ lemma: da 'to'
form: conjunction
go lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
naskoknat lemma: naskokna 'attack'
form: 3pl.prs (pf)
sas lemma: s 'with'
form: preposition
golem lemma: golěm 'big'
form: m.sg.nom
jad, lemma: jad 'anger'
form: m.sg.nom/acc
and wanted to charge on him with great anger
da+ lemma: da 'to'
form: conjunction
go lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
p[a]_raladissat: lemma: paraladisam 'rend'
form: 3pl.prs
Google: tr. paralamak 'rend'
to rend him down...
etto lemma: eto 'behold!'
form: particle
ci+ lemma: če 'that'
form: conjunction
se lemma: se 'self'
form: refl.acc
javiha lemma: javja 'appear'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (pf)
o+ lemma: o 'oh'
form: preposition
sahat lemma: saxat 'hour'
form: m.sg.nom/acc
tolcova lemma: tolkova 'as much'
form: relative
hora lemma: xora 'people'
form: n.pl.nom/acc
pusatlie, lemma: pusatli 'armed man'
form: m.pl.nom
BAN V 859: pusat 'orъžie' < tr. pusat < gr. fōssaton < lat. fussatum
suddenly, many armed men appeared
ci lemma: če 'that'
form: conjunction
pokrivaha lemma: pokrivam 'cover'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
grobiscta+ lemma: grobište ''
form: n.pl.nom/acc
ta, lemma: tъ 'the'
form: n.pl.nom
deto lemma: deto 'which'
form: relative
besce lemma: sъm 'be'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
Soltatina+ lemma: soldatin 'soldier'
form: m.sg.gen/acc.anim
alt.analysis: m.sg.def
t. lemma: tъ 'the'
form: m.sg.nom
(so many) that they covered the graves around the soldier
total elements: 38
tree view (.svg)
linear view (Embedded brat):
view .conllu
ROOT I kato go dušmane te stignaxa sas kalače u raka i iskaxa da go naskoknat sas golem jad da go paraladissat etto či se javixa o saxat tolkova xora pusatlie či pokrivaxa grobišta ta deto beše Soltatina t
cc(I-2, javixa-26)
mark(kato-3, stignaxa-7)
obj(go-4, stignaxa-7)
nsubj(dušmane-5, stignaxa-7)
det:p_nom(te-6, dušmane-5)
advcl(stignaxa-7, javixa-26)
case(sas-8, kalače-9)
obl(kalače-9, stignaxa-7)
case(u-10, raka-11)
nmod:loc(raka-11, kalače-9)
cc(i-12, iskaxa-13)
conj(iskaxa-13, stignaxa-7)
mark(da-14, naskoknat-16)
obj(go-15, naskoknat-16)
advcl(naskoknat-16, iskaxa-13)
case(sas-17, jad-19)
amod(golem-18, jad-19)
obl(jad-19, naskoknat-16)
mark(da-20, paraladissat-22)
obj(go-21, paraladissat-22)
advcl(paraladissat-22, naskoknat-16)
discourse(etto-23, javixa-26)
discourse(či-24, javixa-26)
expl(se-25, javixa-26)
root(javixa-26, ROOT)
case(o-27, saxat-28)
obl:loc(saxat-28, javixa-26)
det(tolkova-29, xora-30)
nsubj(xora-30, javixa-26)
appos(pusatlie-31, xora-30)
mark(či-32, pokrivaxa-33)
acl(pokrivaxa-33, tolkova-29)
obj(grobišta-34, pokrivaxa-33)
det:p_nom(ta-35, grobišta-34)
mark(deto-36, beše-37)
acl(beše-37, ta-35)
nsubj(Soltatina-38, beše-37)
det:p_nom(t-39, Soltatina-38)I+
I
lemma: i 'and' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 1
dependency: cc→25
cato+
kato
lemma: kato 'as' search
suffixes: demonstrative -to
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 2
dependency: mark→6
go
go
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msa
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
element 3
dependency: obj→6
duscmane+
dušmane
lemma: dušmanin 'enemy' search
Carski: duscmanin (but Mauricio: Duscman ʹnemicoʹ) < tr. düşman ʹenemyʹ
inflection: ethno-stem noun
suffixes: singulative -inъ
tag: Nmpny
form: m.pl.nom
element 4
dependency: nsubj→6
te
te
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 5
dependency: det:p_nom→4
stighnaha
stignaxa
lemma: stigna 'reach' LOVe search
inflection: e-verb
suffixes: perfective -nǫ-
tag: Vmii3pe
form: 3pl.aor/impf (pf)
element 6
dependency: advcl→25
sas
sas
lemma: s 'with' search
tag: Si
form: preposition
element 7
dependency: case→8
kalace
kalače
lemma: kъlъč 'sword' search
Carski: pl. kalace < tr. kılıç ʹswordʹ
inflection: jo-stem noun
tag: Nmpnn
form: m.pl.nom
element 8
dependency: obl→6
Google: tr. kılıç 'sword'
u
u
lemma: u 'at' search
tag: Sg
form: preposition
element 9
dependency: case→10
rakà,
raka
lemma: rъka 'hand' search
Forms like rъce and ruke are interpreted as duals.
inflection: ā-stem noun
tag: Nfsnn
form: f.sg.nom
element 10
dependency: nmod:loc→8
i
i
lemma: i 'and' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 11
dependency: cc→12
iskaha
iskaxa
lemma: iskam 'want' SJS LOVe search
CS iskati also ʹseekʹ, an e-verb in CS, showing various present stems (3sg.prs iskaetъ or ištetъ)
inflection: a-verb
tag: Vmii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 12
dependency: conj→6
da+
da
lemma: da 'to' search
See the Reference Grammar for more details on the use of its function.
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 13
dependency: mark→15
go
go
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msa
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
element 14
dependency: obj→15
naskoknat
naskoknat
lemma: naskokna 'attack' search
Carski: zbra jedin hubav asker od Soltate pusatlie ... ta naskokna Grada+t, deto besce one Duca
inflection: e-verb
prefixes: additive na-
suffixes: perfective -nǫ-
tag: Vmip3pe
form: 3pl.prs (pf)
element 15
dependency: advcl→12
sas
sas
lemma: s 'with' search
tag: Si
form: preposition
element 16
dependency: case→18
golem
golem
lemma: golěm 'big' search
inflection: hard adjectival
tag: Amsnn
form: m.sg.nom
element 17
dependency: amod→18
jad,
jad
lemma: jad 'anger' search
inflection: monosyllabic noun
tag: Nmsnn
form: m.sg.nom/acc
element 18
dependency: obl→15
da+
da
lemma: da 'to' search
See the Reference Grammar for more details on the use of its function.
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 19
dependency: mark→21
go
go
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msa
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
element 20
dependency: obj→21
p[a]_raladissat:
paraladissat
lemma: paraladisam 'rend' search
Carski: 3pl.prs/opt da go paraladissat < tr. paralamak ʹrendʹ.
inflection: a-verb
suffixes: TR verb -is-
tag: Vmip3p
form: 3pl.prs
element 21
dependency: advcl→15
Google: tr. paralamak 'rend'
etto
etto
lemma: eto 'behold!' search
tag: Qg
form: particle
element 22
dependency: discourse→25
ci+
či
lemma: če 'that' search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 23
dependency: discourse→25
se
se
lemma: se 'self' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
CS sę. The lemma is used for all forms of the reflexive pronoun. Annotation: sebe Px---g, si (and CS sebě) Px---d, se (or sę) Px---a, soboju (or sobojǫ) Px---i.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Px---a
form: refl.acc
element 24
dependency: expl→25
javiha
javixa
lemma: javja 'appear' SJS SNSP LOVe search
CS (j)aviti is given as perfective in dictionaries.
inflection: i-verb
tag: Vmii3pe
form: 3pl.aor/impf (pf)
element 25
dependency: root→0
o+
o
lemma: o 'oh' search
Usually precedes vocatives.
tag: Sa
form: preposition
element 26
dependency: case→27
sahat
saxat
lemma: saxat 'hour' search
BAN VI 516: saxat ʹčasovnik, časʹ < tur. sahat < ar. saʹat ʹkъso vreme, čas, časovnikʹ
inflection: o-stem noun
tag: Nmsnn
form: m.sg.nom/acc
element 27
dependency: obl:loc→25
tolcova
tolkova
lemma: tolkova 'as much' search
Punčo rarely uses case-marked forms like tolkovu and tolkovь.
suffixes: demonstrative -va
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 28
dependency: det→29
hora
xora
lemma: xora 'people' search
Gr. xōra ʹlandʹ. The old meaning still can be seen in the Tale of Alexander the Elder.
inflection: o-stem noun
tag: Nnpny
form: n.pl.nom/acc
element 29
dependency: nsubj→25
pusatlie,
pusatlie
lemma: pusatli 'armed man' search
Carskiʹs word, mostly used in plural (e.g. hora pusatlie, Soltate pusatlie).
inflection: new i-stem noun
suffixes: TR agent -li-
tag: Nmpny
form: m.pl.nom
element 30
dependency: appos→29
BAN V 859: pusat 'orъžie' < tr. pusat < gr. fōssaton < lat. fussatum
ci
či
lemma: če 'that' search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 31
dependency: mark→32
pokrivaha
pokrivaxa
lemma: pokrivam 'cover' LOVe search
inflection: a-verb
prefixes: delimitative po-
suffixes: iterative -va-
tag: Vmii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 32
dependency: acl→28
grobiscta+
grobišta
tag: Nnpnn
form: n.pl.nom/acc
element 33
dependency: obj→32
ta,
ta
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-npn
form: n.pl.nom
element 34
dependency: det:p_nom→33
deto
deto
lemma: deto 'which' search
A common relative pronoun based on kъde-to ʹwhereʹ.
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 35
dependency: mark→36
besce
beše
lemma: sъm 'be' SJS LOVe search
Used for most forms of the ʹbeʹ verb, including the (CS) infinitive byti, and excluding only perfective forms based on present stem bъda. In OCS, bъda is used also for the infinitive and other forms based on the aorist stem.
inflection: athematic
tag: Vmii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 36
dependency: acl→34
Soltatina+
Soltatina
lemma: soldatin 'soldier' search
Carski: soltatin, def. soltatina+t, pl. soltate. BAN VII 305: soldat ʹvojnikʹ (Loveč, Mixalci, Pavlikensko, Pirgovo, Rusensko)
inflection: ethno-stem noun
suffixes: singulative -inъ
tag: Nmsgy or Nmsoy
form: m.sg.gen/acc.anim or m.sg.def
element 37
dependency: nsubj→36
t.
t
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-msn
form: m.sg.nom
element 38
dependency: det:p_nom→37