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sentence 66
zatovà lemma: zatova 'thus'
form: conjunction
jedin lemma: edin 'one'
form: m.sg.nom
den lemma: den 'day'
form: m.sg.nom/acc
popitaha lemma: popitam 'ask'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (pf)
tia lemma: toja 'that'
form: m.pl.nom
one lemma: onja 'that'
form: m.sg.nom
Soltatin, lemma: soldatin 'soldier'
form: m.sg.nom
so one day those (former enemies) asked that soldier
cojè lemma: koi 'who'
form: n.sg.nom
beha lemma: sъm 'be'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
onezi lemma: onzi 'that'
form: m.pl.nom
pusatilie lemma: pusatli 'armed man'
form: m.pl.nom
hora, lemma: xora 'people'
form: n.pl.nom/acc
who (ʺwhatʺ) were those armed men
tol:cova lemma: tolkova 'as much'
form: relative
junaʒi, lemma: junak 'hero'
form: m.pl.nom
such brave ones
deto+ lemma: deto 'which'
form: relative
go lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
vardiha lemma: vardja 'guard'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
wiktionary: vardja 'pazja' < it. vardar < lat. guardare
togava lemma: togava 'then'
form: relative
u lemma: u 'at'
form: preposition
grobiscta+ lemma: grobište ''
form: n.pl.nom/acc
ta, lemma: tъ 'the'
form: n.pl.nom
who defended him then in the cemetery
ca:to lemma: kato 'as'
form: conjunction
scteha lemma: šta 'want'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
tia lemma: toja 'that'
form: m.pl.nom
da+ lemma: da 'to'
form: conjunction
go+ lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
ubiat. lemma: ubija 'murder, kill'
form: 3pl.prs (pf)
as they were going to kill him
total elements: 27
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ROOT zatova jedin den popitaxa tia one Soltatin koje bexa onezi pusatilie xora tolkova junaci deto go vardixa togava u grobišta ta kato štexa tia da go ubiat
cc(zatova-2, popitaxa-5)
det(jedin-3, den-4)
obl:loc(den-4, popitaxa-5)
root(popitaxa-5, ROOT)
nsubj:ext(tia-6, popitaxa-5)
det:ext(one-7, Soltatin-8)
obj(Soltatin-8, popitaxa-5)
mark(koje-9, bexa-10)
advcl(bexa-10, popitaxa-5)
det:ext(onezi-11, pusatilie-12)
nsubj(pusatilie-12, bexa-10)
appos(xora-13, pusatilie-12)
det(tolkova-14, junaci-15)
appos(junaci-15, xora-13)
mark(deto-16, vardixa-18)
obj(go-17, vardixa-18)
acl(vardixa-18, pusatilie-12)
advmod(togava-19, vardixa-18)
case(u-20, grobišta-21)
obl:loc(grobišta-21, vardixa-18)
det:p_nom(ta-22, grobišta-21)
mark(kato-23, ubiat-28)
aux:fut(štexa-24, ubiat-28)
nsubj:ext(tia-25, ubiat-28)
fixed:inf(da-26, štexa-24)
obj(go-27, ubiat-28)
advcl(ubiat-28, vardixa-18)zatovà
zatova
lemma: zatova 'thus' search
suffixes: demonstrative -to, -va
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 1
dependency: cc→4
jedin
jedin
lemma: edin 'one' search
Actually a cardinal numeral (Ml), often used as an indefinite pronoun too.
inflection: hard adjectival
suffixes: singulative -inъ
tag: Amsnn
form: m.sg.nom
element 2
dependency: det→3
den
den
lemma: den 'day' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
CS dьnь is irregular, with traces of i-, jo- and n-stem forms in the paradigm. Punčo uses pl. form dni.
inflection: irregular
tag: Nmsnn
form: m.sg.nom/acc
element 3
dependency: obl:loc→4
popitaha
popitaxa
lemma: popitam 'ask' LOVe search
inflection: a-verb
prefixes: delimitative po-
tag: Vmii3pe
form: 3pl.aor/impf (pf)
element 4
dependency: root→0
tia
tia
lemma: toja 'that' search
The basic form reflects m.sg.nom, but the lemma also covers f.sg.nom taja (Pd-fsn), f.sg.acc tuju (Pd-fsa) and pl.nom tija (Pd--pa).
inflection: hard stem pronominal
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 5
dependency: nsubj:ext→4
one
one
lemma: onja 'that' search
Used if the -ja suffix is present.
inflection: hard stem pronominal
suffixes: demonstrative -ja
tag: Pd-msn
form: m.sg.nom
element 6
dependency: det:ext→7
Soltatin,
Soltatin
lemma: soldatin 'soldier' search
Carski: soltatin, def. soltatina+t, pl. soltate. BAN VII 305: soldat ʹvojnikʹ (Loveč, Mixalci, Pavlikensko, Pirgovo, Rusensko)
inflection: ethno-stem noun
suffixes: singulative -inъ
tag: Nmsny
form: m.sg.nom
element 7
dependency: obj→4
cojè
koje
lemma: koi 'who' search
Handled as A, if used adnominally, especially in CS, e.g. koeju xitrostiju ʹby what kind of cunningʹ. Pq---g kogo, Pq---d komu etc.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Pq-nsn
form: n.sg.nom
element 8
dependency: mark→9
beha
bexa
lemma: sъm 'be' SJS LOVe search
Used for most forms of the ʹbeʹ verb, including the (CS) infinitive byti, and excluding only perfective forms based on present stem bъda. In OCS, bъda is used also for the infinitive and other forms based on the aorist stem.
inflection: athematic
tag: Vmii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 9
dependency: advcl→4
onezi
onezi
lemma: onzi 'that' search
Used if the -zi suffix is present (i.e. onogozi, onomuzi, onazi etc.).
inflection: hard stem pronominal
suffixes: demonstrative -zi
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 10
dependency: det:ext→11
pusatilie
pusatilie
lemma: pusatli 'armed man' search
Carskiʹs word, mostly used in plural (e.g. hora pusatlie, Soltate pusatlie).
inflection: new i-stem noun
suffixes: TR agent -li-
tag: Nmpny
form: m.pl.nom
element 11
dependency: nsubj→9
hora,
xora
lemma: xora 'people' search
Gr. xōra ʹlandʹ. The old meaning still can be seen in the Tale of Alexander the Elder.
inflection: o-stem noun
tag: Nnpny
form: n.pl.nom/acc
element 12
dependency: appos→11
tol:cova
tolkova
lemma: tolkova 'as much' search
Punčo rarely uses case-marked forms like tolkovu and tolkovь.
suffixes: demonstrative -va
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 13
dependency: det→14
junaʒi,
junaci
lemma: junak 'hero' search
inflection: o-stem noun
suffixes: agent -akъ
tag: Nmpny
form: m.pl.nom
element 14
dependency: appos→12
deto+
deto
lemma: deto 'which' search
A common relative pronoun based on kъde-to ʹwhereʹ.
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 15
dependency: mark→17
go
go
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msa
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
element 16
dependency: obj→17
vardiha
vardixa
lemma: vardja 'guard' search
inflection: i-verb
tag: Vmii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 17
dependency: acl→11
wiktionary: vardja 'pazja' < it. vardar < lat. guardare
togava
togava
lemma: togava 'then' search
inflection: relative
suffixes: demonstrative -va
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 18
dependency: advmod→17
u
u
lemma: u 'at' search
tag: Sg
form: preposition
element 19
dependency: case→20
grobiscta+
grobišta
tag: Nnpnn
form: n.pl.nom/acc
element 20
dependency: obl:loc→17
ta,
ta
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-npn
form: n.pl.nom
element 21
dependency: det:p_nom→20
ca:to
kato
lemma: kato 'as' search
suffixes: demonstrative -to
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 22
dependency: mark→27
scteha
štexa
lemma: šta 'want' LOVe search
Includes the future particle šte - Punčo still inflects it for person, using a full da-construction (e.g. 2pl štete da rečete ʹyou will sayʹ), but there are also other forms attested, e.g. "indefinite future" with a synthetic infinitive (2sg uze štešь potrebiju ʹyou will get what you needʹ).
The lemma belongs to a group of auxiliary verbs, which require the main verb in infinitive or in da-construction (cf. Mirčev 1978:235)
inflection: e-verb
tag: Vaii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 23
dependency: aux:fut→27
tia
tia
lemma: toja 'that' search
The basic form reflects m.sg.nom, but the lemma also covers f.sg.nom taja (Pd-fsn), f.sg.acc tuju (Pd-fsa) and pl.nom tija (Pd--pa).
inflection: hard stem pronominal
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 24
dependency: nsubj:ext→27
da+
da
lemma: da 'to' search
See the Reference Grammar for more details on the use of its function.
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 25
dependency: fixed:inf→23
go+
go
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msa
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
element 26
dependency: obj→27
ubiat.
ubiat
lemma: ubija 'murder, kill' SJS LOVe search
inflection: e-verb
prefixes: allative u-
tag: Vmip3pe
form: 3pl.prs (pf)
element 27
dependency: advcl→17