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sentence 444
ʾw+ lemma: o 'oh'
form: interjection
cr̃u lemma: car 'king, emperor'
form: m.sg.voc
bezumni lemma: bezumen 'foolish'
form: m.sg.nom.pron
kogí+ lemma: koga 'when'
form: interrogative
te lemma: tъ 'the'
form: m.pl.nom
ne+ lemma: ne 'no, not'
form: negation particle
poslušáxь lemma: poslušam 'obey, listen'
form: 1sg.aor (pf)
ʾizь lemma: iz 'from'
form: preposition
naprédь lemma: napred 'forward'
form: adverb
ʾá+ lemma: a 'and, but'
form: conjunction
segà lemma: sega 'now'
form: adverb
što+ lemma: što 'what'
form: interrogative
se lemma: se 'self'
form: refl.acc
nádašь lemma: nadeja 'hope'
form: 2sg.prs (ipf)
kakvò lemma: kakvo 'what'
form: interrogative
da+ lemma: da 'to'
form: conjunction
tè lemma: tъ 'the'
form: m.pl.nom
poslúšamь lemma: poslušam 'obey, listen'
form: 1sg.prs (pf)
ʺO mindless Emperor, when I did not obey you before, why do you hope I will obey you now?ʺ
total elements: 18
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ROOT o cru bezumni kogi te ne poslušaxъ izъ napredъ a sega što se nadašъ kakvo da te poslušamъ
discourse(o-2, cru-3)
vocative(cru-3, nadašъ-15)
amod(bezumni-4, cru-3)
mark(kogi-5, poslušaxъ-8)
obj(te-6, poslušaxъ-8)
advmod(ne-7, poslušaxъ-8)
advcl(poslušaxъ-8, nadašъ-15)
case(izъ-9, napredъ-10)
advmod(napredъ-10, poslušaxъ-8)
cc(a-11, nadašъ-15)
advmod(sega-12, nadašъ-15)
advmod(što-13, nadašъ-15)
expl(se-14, nadašъ-15)
root(nadašъ-15, ROOT)
mark(kakvo-16, poslušamъ-19)
fixed(da-17, kakvo-16)
obj(te-18, poslušamъ-19)
advcl(poslušamъ-19, nadašъ-15)ʾw+
o
lemma: o 'oh' search
Usually precedes vocatives.
tag: I
form: interjection
element 1
dependency: discourse→2
cr̃u
cru
lemma: car 'king, emperor' SJS search
OCS cěsarь, commonly shortened already in oldest texts.
Punčo uses old jo- (pl.nom cari) or monosyllabic stem endings (carove), but elsewhere we can seen also old i-stem endings (carie). Modern BG uses -e taken from other paradigms. The oscillation between i- and jo-stem is also reflected in modern CS grammars (cf. Bončev 1952:16, Mironova 2010:52).
inflection: jo-stem noun
tag: Nmsvy
form: m.sg.voc
element 2
dependency: vocative→14
bezumni
bezumni
lemma: bezumen 'foolish' search
inflection: hard adjectival
prefixes: abessive bez-
suffixes: relational -ьn-
tag: Amsny
form: m.sg.nom.pron
element 3
dependency: amod→2
kogí+
kogi
lemma: koga 'when' search
Often used by Punčo as a relative pronoun too.
tag: Pq
form: interrogative
element 4
dependency: mark→7
te
te
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 5
dependency: obj→7
ne+
ne
lemma: ne 'no, not' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
tag: Qz
form: negation particle
element 6
dependency: advmod→7
poslušáxь
poslušaxъ
lemma: poslušam 'obey, listen' SJS LOVe search
CS poslušati - biaspectual in SJS
inflection: a-verb
prefixes: delimitative po-
suffixes: stative -ě-
tag: Vmia1se
form: 1sg.aor (pf)
element 7
dependency: advcl→14
ʾizь
izъ
lemma: iz 'from' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
As a prefix, in CS /z/ is usually assimilated to voiceless consonants in the root onset; in Punčoʹs dialect, it is also often shortened to s- (e.g. skusen ʹexperiencedʹ).
tag: Sg
form: preposition
element 8
dependency: case→9
naprédь
napredъ
lemma: napred 'forward' search
prefixes: additive na-
suffixes: i-stem sg.nom/acc -ь
tag: R
form: adverb
element 9
dependency: advmod→7
ʾá+
a
lemma: a 'and, but' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 10
dependency: cc→14
segà
sega
lemma: sega 'now' search
tag: R
form: adverb
element 11
dependency: advmod→14
što+
što
lemma: što 'what' search
Often used as relative pronoun (without the -to suffix) by Punčo. See čьto for etymology.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Pq
form: interrogative
element 12
dependency: advmod→14
se
se
lemma: se 'self' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
CS sę. The lemma is used for all forms of the reflexive pronoun. Annotation: sebe Px---g, si (and CS sebě) Px---d, se (or sę) Px---a, soboju (or sobojǫ) Px---i.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Px---a
form: refl.acc
element 13
dependency: expl→14
nádašь
nadašъ
lemma: nadeja 'hope' SJS LOVe search
CS naděja sę. Punčo often uses the contracted spelling nadam (actually an a-verb).
inflection: e-verb
prefixes: additive na-
tag: Vmip2si
form: 2sg.prs (ipf)
element 14
dependency: root→0
kakvò
kakvo
lemma: kakvo 'what' search
Handled as A, if used adnominally.
suffixes: demonstrative -vo
tag: Pq
form: interrogative
element 15
dependency: mark→18
da+
da
lemma: da 'to' search
See the Reference Grammar for more details on the use of its function.
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 16
dependency: fixed→15
tè
te
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 17
dependency: obj→18
poslúšamь
poslušamъ
lemma: poslušam 'obey, listen' SJS LOVe search
CS poslušati - biaspectual in SJS
inflection: a-verb
prefixes: delimitative po-
suffixes: stative -ě-
tag: Vmip1se
form: 1sg.prs (pf)
element 18
dependency: advcl→14