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sentence 63
emi lemma: ami 'but'
form: conjunction
i lemma: i 'and'
form: conjunction
toi+ lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.nom
se lemma: se 'self'
form: refl.acc
ciu:desce, lemma: čudja 'wonder'
form: 2/3sg.impf (ipf)
i lemma: i 'and'
form: conjunction
majesce, lemma: majam ''
form: 2/3sg.impf (ipf)
but he wondered and was confused too
cato lemma: kato 'as'
form: conjunction
vidè lemma: vidja 'see'
form: 2/3sg.aor (ipf)
duscmane+ lemma: dušmanin 'enemy'
form: m.pl.nom
te+ lemma: tъ 'the'
form: m.pl.nom
si, lemma: se 'self'
form: refl.dat
ci lemma: če 'that'
form: conjunction
tolcova lemma: tolkova 'as much'
form: relative
begaha, lemma: běgam 'run'
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
as he saw his enemies running away so fast
deto lemma: deto 'which'
form: relative
toi lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.nom
veke+ lemma: veče 'already, anymore, more'
form: adverb
se lemma: se 'self'
form: refl.acc
nadejesce lemma: nadeja 'hope'
form: 2/3sg.impf (ipf)
although he was already awaiting them
da+ lemma: da 'to'
form: conjunction
go lemma: toi 'he'
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
para:ladissat. lemma: paraladisam 'rend'
form: 3pl.prs
that they would slice him down
total elements: 24
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ROOT emi i toi se čiudeše i maješe kato vide dušmane te si či tolkova barže begaxa deto toi veke se nadeješe da go paraladissat
cc(emi-2, čiudeše-6)
cc(i-3, čiudeše-6)
nsubj(toi-4, čiudeše-6)
expl(se-5, čiudeše-6)
root(čiudeše-6, ROOT)
cc(i-7, maješe-8)
conj(maješe-8, čiudeše-6)
mark(kato-9, vide-10)
advcl(vide-10, čiudeše-6)
obj(dušmane-11, vide-10)
det(te-12, dušmane-11)
nmod:poss(si-13, dušmane-11)
mark(či-14, begaxa-17)
advmod(tolkova-15, barže-16)
advmod(barže-16, begaxa-17)
advcl(begaxa-17, vide-10)
mark(deto-18, nadeješe-22)
nsubj(toi-19, nadeješe-22)
advmod(veke-20, nadeješe-22)
expl(se-21, nadeješe-22)
acl(nadeješe-22, dušmane-11)
mark(da-23, paraladissat-25)
obj(go-24, paraladissat-25)
advmod(paraladissat-25, nadeješe-22)emi
emi
lemma: ami 'but' search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 1
dependency: cc→5
i
i
lemma: i 'and' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 2
dependency: cc→5
toi+
toi
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msn
form: m.3sg.nom
element 3
dependency: nsubj→5
se
se
lemma: se 'self' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
CS sę. The lemma is used for all forms of the reflexive pronoun. Annotation: sebe Px---g, si (and CS sebě) Px---d, se (or sę) Px---a, soboju (or sobojǫ) Px---i.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Px---a
form: refl.acc
element 4
dependency: expl→5
ciu:desce,
čiudeše
lemma: čudja 'wonder' search
inflection: i-verb
tag: Vmii3si
form: 2/3sg.impf (ipf)
element 5
dependency: root→0
i
i
lemma: i 'and' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 6
dependency: cc→7
majesce,
maješe
tag: Vmii3si
form: 2/3sg.impf (ipf)
element 7
dependency: conj→5
cato
kato
lemma: kato 'as' search
suffixes: demonstrative -to
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 8
dependency: mark→9
vidè
vide
lemma: vidja 'see' SJS LOVe search
BG vidja ʹseeʹ is perfective, with viždam as its imperfective counterpart. Punčo uses only the first stem (1sg.prs vidim), which seems to cover both aspects (e.g. both in present and aorist tenses). Biaspectual in SJS.
inflection: i-verb
suffixes: stative -ě-
tag: Vmia3si
form: 2/3sg.aor (ipf)
element 9
dependency: advcl→5
duscmane+
dušmane
lemma: dušmanin 'enemy' search
Carski: duscmanin (but Mauricio: Duscman ʹnemicoʹ) < tr. düşman ʹenemyʹ
inflection: ethno-stem noun
suffixes: singulative -inъ
tag: Nmpny
form: m.pl.nom
element 10
dependency: obj→9
te+
te
lemma: tъ 'the' search
Lemma used to mark the definite suffix/article.
Sg. forms are recognized, when following adjectives or nouns: tъ Pd-msn, ta Pd-fsn, to Pd-nsn
The plural form te is used for all genders, so the tag reflects either the head noun (if it is masc. - Pd-mpn - or fem. - Pd-fpn) or remains empty (if neut., e.g. izъ oči+te ʹfrom the eyesʹ: Pd--pn). The form ta, if following a plural, is tagged as Pd-npn
The gender of oblique articles like togo is tagged in a similar way, e.g. ta rasrъdi cra togo ʹand he angered the kingʹ: Pd-msg, while if there is no noun, it remains empty, e.g. in CS phrase togo radi ʹbecause of thatʹ: Pd--sg
In CS texts (rarely in PPS too), the root tъ is also used for personal pronouns. If such forms can be syntactically distinguished (i.e. if they precede the head, or do not agree with it in case, gender and number), they are tagged as personal pronouns, e.g. toę oči ʹher eyesʹ: Pp3fsg
The shortened form of the article -o, frequently used by Punčo, is not separated from the preceding token, but rather handled as a quasi-case, e.g. stolʹpo ʹthe pillarʹ: Nmson
inflection: hard stem pronominal
tag: Pd-mpn
form: m.pl.nom
element 11
dependency: det→10
si,
si
lemma: se 'self' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
CS sę. The lemma is used for all forms of the reflexive pronoun. Annotation: sebe Px---g, si (and CS sebě) Px---d, se (or sę) Px---a, soboju (or sobojǫ) Px---i.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Px---d
form: refl.dat
element 12
dependency: nmod:poss→10
ci
či
lemma: če 'that' search
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 13
dependency: mark→16
tolcova
tolkova
lemma: tolkova 'as much' search
Punčo rarely uses case-marked forms like tolkovu and tolkovь.
suffixes: demonstrative -va
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 14
dependency: advmod→15
barxe
barže
lemma: bъrzo 'quickly' search
suffixes: n.sg.nom/acc -o
tag: R
form: adverb
element 15
dependency: advmod→16
begaha,
begaxa
lemma: běgam 'run' SJS LOVe search
CS běgati, 3sg.prs běgaetъ
inflection: a-verb
suffixes: iterative -a-
tag: Vmii3pi
form: 3pl.aor/impf (ipf)
element 16
dependency: advcl→9
deto
deto
lemma: deto 'which' search
A common relative pronoun based on kъde-to ʹwhereʹ.
tag: Pr
form: relative
element 17
dependency: mark→21
toi
toi
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msn
form: m.3sg.nom
element 18
dependency: nsubj→21
veke+
veke
lemma: veče 'already, anymore, more' search
suffixes: comparative -je
tag: R
form: adverb
element 19
dependency: advmod→21
se
se
lemma: se 'self' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
CS sę. The lemma is used for all forms of the reflexive pronoun. Annotation: sebe Px---g, si (and CS sebě) Px---d, se (or sę) Px---a, soboju (or sobojǫ) Px---i.
inflection: nominal pronoun
tag: Px---a
form: refl.acc
element 20
dependency: expl→21
nadejesce
nadeješe
lemma: nadeja 'hope' SJS LOVe search
CS naděja sę. Punčo often uses the contracted spelling nadam (actually an a-verb).
inflection: e-verb
prefixes: additive na-
tag: Vmii3si
form: 2/3sg.impf (ipf)
element 21
dependency: acl→10
da+
da
lemma: da 'to' search
See the Reference Grammar for more details on the use of its function.
tag: C
form: conjunction
element 22
dependency: mark→24
go
go
lemma: toi 'he' SJS SNSP Miklosich search
Also used for m3sg personal pronoun based on the root *j-. Annotation of oblique forms: nego Pp3msg, nemu or mu Pp3msd, go Pp3msa
Punčo prefers on as the m.3sg.nom form.
inflection: nominal pronoun
suffixes: demonstrative -j-
tag: Pp3msa
form: m.3sg.gen/acc (short)
element 23
dependency: obj→24
para:ladissat.
paraladissat
lemma: paraladisam 'rend' search
Carski: 3pl.prs/opt da go paraladissat < tr. paralamak ʹrendʹ.
inflection: a-verb
suffixes: TR verb -is-
tag: Vmip3p
form: 3pl.prs
element 24
dependency: advmod→21